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Like functions, workflow expressions can be defined recursively. Many of the best examples are generative sequences. For example: let rnd = System.Random() let rec randomWalk k = seq { yield k yield! randomWalk (k + rnd.NextDouble() - 0.5) } > randomWalk 10.0;; val it: seq<float> = seq [10.0; 10.23817784; 9.956430122; 10.18110362; ...] > randomWalk 10.0;; val it : seq<float> = seq [10.0; 10.19761089; 10.26774703; 9.888072922; ...]

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The redo buffer is where data that needs to be written to the online redo logs will be cached temporarily, before it is written to disk. Since a memory-to-memory transfer is much faster than a memory-to-disk transfer, use of the redo log buffer can speed up database operation. The data will not reside in the redo buffer for very long. In fact, LGWR initiates a flush of this area in one of the following scenarios: Every three seconds Whenever someone commits When LGWR is asked to switch log files When the redo buffer gets one-third full or contains 1MB of cached redo log data

For these reasons, it will be a very rare system that will benefit from a redo buffer of more than a couple of tens of megabytes in size. A large system with lots of concurrent transactions might benefit somewhat from large redo log buffers because while LGWR (the process responsible for flushing the redo log buffer to disk) is writing a portion of the log buffer, other sessions could be filling it up. In general, a long-running transaction that generates a lot of redo log will benefit the most from a larger than normal log buffer, as it will be continuously filling up part of the redo log buffer while LGWR is busy writing out some of it (we ll cover this phenomenon of writing uncommitted data to the datafiles at length in 9 Redo and Undo ). The larger and longer the transaction, the more benefit it could receive from a generous log buffer. The default size of the redo buffer, as controlled by the LOG_BUFFER parameter, varies widely by operating system, database version, and other parameter settings. Rather than try to explain what the most common default size is (there isn t such a thing), I ll refer you to the documentation for your release of Oracle (the Reference Guide). My default LOG_BUFFER given the instance we just started above with a 1.5GB SGA is shown by the following query: ops$tkyte%ORA11GR2> select value, isdefault 2 from v$parameter 3 where name = 'log_buffer' 4 / VALUE ISDEFAULT -------------------- --------11583488 TRUE The size is about 11MB. The minimum size of the default log buffer is OS-dependent. If you d like to find out what that is, just set your LOG_BUFFER to 1 byte and restart your database. For example, on my Red Hat Linux instance I see the following:

Async.Parallel can appear magical. Computation tasks are created, executed, and resynchronized almost without effort. However, Listing 13-9 shows that a basic implementation of this operator is simple and again helps you see how Async<'a> values work under the hood. Listing 13-9. A Basic Implementation of Async.Parallel let Parallel(taskSeq) = Async.Primitive (fun (cont,econt) -> let tasks = Seq.to_array taskSeq let count = ref tasks.Length let results = Array.zero_create tasks.Length tasks |> Array.iteri (fun i p -> Async.Spawn (async { let! res = p do results.[i] <- res; let n = System.Threading.Interlocked.Decrement(count) do if n=0 then cont results })))

ops$tkyte%ORA11GR2> alter system set log_buffer=1 scope=spfile; System altered. ops$tkyte%ORA11GR2> connect / as sysdba; Connected. sys%ORA11GR2> startup force; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 1590267904 bytes Fixed Size 1336792 bytes Variable Size 234883624 bytes Database Buffers 1342177280 bytes Redo Buffers 11870208 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. sys%ORA11GR2> show parameter log_buffer NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- -----------------------------log_buffer integer 1703936 sys%ORA11GR2> select 1703936/1024/1024 from dual; 1703936/1024/1024 ----------------1.625 The smallest log buffer I can really have, regardless of my settings, is going to be 1.625MB on this system.